Influenza and Seasonal Flu: Increasing Cases, Prevention and Treatment

Seasonal flu is an acute respiratory illness caused by influenza A or B viruses. Upper respiratory tract infections, known as the common cold, are caused by non-influenza viruses and generally present with milder symptoms. Influenza typically manifests with sudden onset fever (>38°C/fever history), cough, and/or sore throat, and is characterized by transmission through respiratory droplets expelled during coughing and sneezing. Contaminated hands and other objects also play a role in transmission. The spread rate varies depending on the viral subtype, with high transmission rates observed among preschool and school-aged children, contributing significantly to community spread. Infectivity can occur in the 24 hours before symptom onset and up to 5 days afterward. Monitoring is crucial due to its potential for increased morbidity and mortality in high-risk patient groups, as well as its impact on workforce productivity in younger populations.

Over the past 3 years, measures taken due to the Covid-19 pandemic resulted in a decline in viral upper respiratory tract infections, especially in 2021. As the impact of the SARS-CoV-2 virus began to wane and with the continuation of mask-wearing, physical distancing, and hygiene measures, global influenza cases were reported to be near zero according to WHO data in 2021. However, starting in 2022, increases in influenza cases have been observed, and recent data suggests that by December, influenza levels have reached pre-pandemic levels.

Similarly, increases in other respiratory viruses besides influenza have been observed in recent weeks. Rhinovirus is most common, followed by Human Coronavirus (a different respiratory virus causing upper respiratory tract infections, distinct from SARS-CoV-2 which causes Covid-19), and Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV). Some patients have been found to be infected with multiple viruses.

As a result of the increase in influenza and other respiratory virus infections, there has been an increase in hospital admissions for severe acute respiratory tract infections, particularly among children and elderly patients.

Vaccination is crucial for groups at high risk of serious illness due to influenza. These include individuals aged 65 and older, residents of nursing homes and long-term care facilities, pregnant women, adults and children with chronic lung and cardiovascular diseases including asthma, any chronic metabolic disease including diabetes, chronic kidney disease, blood disorders, or individuals with suppressed immune systems, children and adolescents aged 6 months to 18 years who are on long-term aspirin therapy, children under 5 years of age, and healthcare workers.

If flu or a similar illness is contracted, it is advisable to rest at home if possible. When venturing into the community, wearing a mask is recommended to reduce transmission. Hands should be washed frequently with soap and water, and frequently touched surfaces should be cleaned regularly. Close contact with sick individuals should be avoided, shared items like towels should not be used, and indoor spaces should be well-ventilated. Considering antibiotics are ineffective against viruses, supportive treatments such as rest, healthy nutrition, increased intake of fruits and water alongside antiviral therapies are emphasized. Mask usage remains important for non-infected individuals to protect against respiratory diseases transmitted through the respiratory tract and is still recommended.

Specialist Dr. Tuba Betül ÜMİT
Tokat State Hospital, Emergency Department